Pay attention to the suitability of choosing ppe Pay attention to the suitability of choosing ppe .

Pay attention to the suitability of choosing ppe

Kai-fu Lee: Something is good from dating and marrying her wife.

How to handle the relationship between husband and wife can be called a century problem. The celebrity star's homework is often the focus of public attention. Of course, there are also many model couples, and many stars are often not known for their low-key happiness.

Recently, Li Kaifu has disclosed his love and marriage history in detail, and he can feel the full feelings of a good man during this period. Kai-fu Lee even bluntly said: From the date of marriage to marriage, what every wife said must not be wrong.

The best love is not to look at each other all the time, but to look into the distance together. What they look at is always in the same direction.

----"little Prince"

My marriage began with first love, first love began with blind date.

I was a junior in that year.

The following year, his first girlfriend became a wife.

That year, I was 21 years old.

For 34 years, I still feel fortunate.

I am glad to comply with my family’s arrangements and attend the blind date.

Glad to meet you.

I would like to give this article to my wife and also to young people who are looking forward to love. At the end of the article, I shared three principles of getting along with my marriage.

My love story

When I was 11 years old, I followed my brother to the United States. Before leaving, my mother warned me: I can't communicate with American girls.

Starting from high school, the buddies around me began to talk about my girlfriend without hesitation, but I am particularly shy. When I talk about this topic, I will be flushed. After I got to college, I wasn't indulging in the bridge, I was busy working on summer vacations to earn enough tuition, so the emotional life has always been a blank.

In June 1982, I returned to Taiwan for the summer vacation. I don't know. At this time, all the people in the family are bringing about my "lifelong event."

Later, the elder sisters told me that my mother started to arrange all the blind date matters before that summer vacation. My mother decided to arrange for me an "object of interaction" for me anyway. The mother made an order and the sisters started to move.

Before I returned to Taiwan, they had already made a list, ready to let me carry out a bombing blind date. At that time, I had never dated a girl. This arrangement made me expect and fear.

"I didn't look too clear. Is it too quiet?"

I remember the first time when the blind date, the girl told me helplessly: "In fact, I already have a boyfriend, to blind date was forced by father and mother, because they do not like my boyfriend." After I returned home, I thought : "Dating is a very boring thing."

However, only after the second blind date every other week, I miraculously met my true love in my life. She is my wife now. Speaking of that blind date is also quite interesting. My father, Li Tianmin, and her father were originally co-workers. The two fathers are very familiar with their work, but no one has ever thought of putting their children together.

One day, one of their common friends, Feng Bobo, accidentally raised it to my father. When my father heard it, he immediately became tempted. While he was in Taiwan, Dad organized a party for two families. Of course, we two young people were also explicitly told about the purpose of the meeting.

At the party, a dozen or so people were sitting next to the oversized table. The adults were talking about politics in Sichuanese with no issues. They talked about who retired and who had been promoted. It didn't seem to be dating this time. thing. In the embarrassment, I saw the "dating partner" sitting right opposite me.

This is a girl with long hair and a sweet baby face. She was sitting there, and she was quite quiet. She was also very ladylike. This is the first impression she left for me. However, because we were too far apart, we were all shy and we did not even say a word that day.

Returning home, my father asked me, "What do you think of their daughters?" I said at a loss: "I didn't look too clear. Is it too quiet?"

Later, my wife recalled the past 25 years ago. “At that time, my dad asked me how I felt when I blurted out to my dad. The impression was not so good. He didn’t say a word and his expression was serious. Looking at me right now, it's just a big game. I think I'm a great American school!"

I am wrong. I do not speak because so many elders, I have not had a chance to speak. I do not look at her because I dare not look at her.

"Do not arrange blind date anymore. I have met true love."

However, the other side's superficial discourse, after Feng Bobo’s dissemination, completely changed its direction.

The feedback I heard was, "Her daughter thought you were pretty good." And the mesغير مجاز مي باشدe that came to her was, "His son especially likes you!" Both of us heard the other person's attitude at the time and felt that again. Then meet again no harm.

I still remember my first date with her. This quiet girl really started to attract me. She smiled very softly and her expression was very cute. She also talked softly and had a simple and gentle temperament.

Like me, she also has no experience of dealing with the opposite ***, but we were very much in the beginning and we were joking with each other. I remember the first date and I jokingly teased her. She asked me, what movie to see today? I opened the newspaper on hand and pretended to study it carefully. Then I said earnestly: "There is a "interior decoration" that looks good today!" She said happily: "Is it right? Then look at "Interior Decoration"! "I took her to the cinema. When she got there, she discovered that she was playing. The cinema is undergoing "internal decoration"!

After playing all day, I was tired and lying in bed, but I couldn't sleep for a whole night and memorized every minute of the day. When I got up the next day, I solemnly announced to my sisters, "No one will ever arrange a blind date for me again. I have already found the one I want!"

Li Tianmin's son came to Miss Xie again!

Since that day, my heart began to have a person's presence, and I began to use the entire summer vacation to date. In the appointments again and again, our feelings gradually increased. Every night I return home and I look back at every place we go and see every movie.

Later, every time I went to her home to find her, I had to buy a bunch of roses on the way for her. As a result, when her neighbors saw the person holding the rose came, they all knew: "The son of Li Tianmin came to Miss Xie again!"

Since then, I have been working hard to deal with the first and only time in my life. After learning that their family lives in the inner lake of Taipei, a suburb of the bustling Taipei city, I asked the sisters to give me a long list of restaurants, including all the good restaurants our family had always tried. I was determined to She went to eat at her family. The elder sisters especially supported me to put more into action. They even gave me a "love fund" to give me the strength to be good to my girlfriend. At that time, I praised her: "We want to take you to Taipei!"

In addition to restaurants engulfing Taipei, lingering in the Shilin Night Market, we were still faintly immersed in Taiwan's dessert shops. Remember that we often need snow kings and shaved ice to eat. One restaurant claims to have more than 60 flavors of ice cream, and we go too many times and have eaten every one of them.

In the process of interaction, I discovered that besides being cute and pure, she was still a rare traditional Chinese woman. For home, she willingly gave everything. When she got up early in the morning, she took the initiative to do household chores, sweeping the floor and buying food, fearing that her elderly grandmother and her poor mother would be tired. When her father was sick, she slept in the hospital for a full month. When her family was struggling, she withdrew her school meals and made her own food. For life, she always burns herself and illuminates others. All this touched me deeply.

In the late summer vacation, our feelings are getting deeper and deeper. On the day when I returned to the United States, I agreed with her to write as many as possible.

Open-style "Raw Love Letter"

After returning to the United States, we began the year of Hongyan’s book-breaking. I wrote her an “enthusiastic” letter in a day or two. She told her about college life in the United States and the various interesting things around her.

Writing to me is the happiest thing in the day. I can tell her anything without reservation and I also express her miss. And her letter will come to my hand in a day or two, but it is more subtle, although there are many things to talk about, but not so hot language inside. In fact, it is her usual style.

Once, I had a whim and made a copy of her letters to me. Then I cut the words on the copies one by one with scissors, and then glued them to another letter paper, and the combination became a letter. In the letter, the new “Love Letter of Love”, I told her that the style of your future letter should be like this:

(First paragraph) Kai Fu: Since you returned to the United States, I only watched the moon thinking about you for three days and three nights. I am not accustomed to it, sad, sad, really painful! I broke my heart for you, and I couldn't even think twice about it. I often cry, now I have no tears. You are so smart, cute, gentle, considerate, perfect!

It is said that she could not laugh or cry after receiving this letter.

Will you marry me?

In 1983, I was less than 21 years old and I was preparing to start my Ph.D. At the same time, another idea slowly came to my heart:

I would like to have more than one partner in the next phase of this life, let her stay with me and stay with me. I don't necessarily succeed in the future, but I hope to make her happy and give her happiness.

In the letter, I expressed the idea of ​​getting married. However, this matter is really too sudden for her. She later told me that she had never thought about getting married. She even thought that marriage was a matter of 108,000 miles away for her. When asked by me, it was a bit veiled. Because she still wants to stay in Taiwan for a while, she still wants to take care of her grandmother.

After waiting for her consideration for several days, I dialed the phone to her home. I cleared my voice and said to the phone, "I know that this proposal is a bit sudden for you. Our age is also relatively small. But I have already identified you. I believe that you have also identified me. Therefore," I paused and said,

"Would you marry me and make me the happiest man in the world?"

The phone was almost silent for half a minute before I heard a "willingness." Later, she told me that she was moved to cry.

On August 6, 1983, we held a wedding in Taipei.

My marriage gets along 3 principles

Now that some young people have learned that I have only one affection in my life, or that I have been married for the first time, I feel very unbelievable. Especially when I formed a family when I was 21, I was a little shocked.

In fact, for me, it was precisely because of the steady emotional attachment that made me no longer feel lonely during my doctoral studies in the United States. It also gave me the motivation to concentrate on science and technology research and development.

His wife has been working hard for 34 years. She has had a lot of money for her family. For her family, she is always full of love and she will never give up. Whether it is to pick up fresh juice for the whole family at six o'clock every day, or to sew clothes and quilts by hand, or to put the clothes hot, each one in our lives. One can see her care.

When I was busy, she took care of me. She never complains when I concentrate on my work. She comforted me when my career was at a low point. I have met many challenges in the workplace as well as the conversion of places of life, all of which were spent with her company.

In this 34-year marriage, we have come together and we have had too many strong and affectionate affections.

There are also young friends who have asked me about marriage. I have three principles to offer:

In the end, I wish the lovers are married.

                   

Powered by Water cooled Deutz

Deutz Diesel Generator,Water-Cooled Diesel Generator Set,Diesel Power Generator

Bobig Electric Machinery Co., Ltd. , http://www.fjgenerator.com


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Different styles of design for biscuit packaging (7)

Smart Panel With Auto-stand

Guangzhou Ruixin Touch Control Technology Co., Ltd. , https://www.smartpaneltv.nl


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March 4 Nanchang Steel Market Price Quotes

The price of the product name specification area was higher than last week's high line of last month by Φ6.5mm Q235 Ping Steel 5150 50 230 740 High Line Φ8mm Q235 Ping Steel 5150 50 230 740 High Line Φ10mm Q335 Ping Steel 5150 50 230 740 High Line Φ6.5mm Q235 E-steel 5150 50 230 740 High-line Φ6.5mm Q235 邯郸5150 50 230 740 Rebar Φ12mm HRB335 Nanchang Steel 5230 40 220 740 Rebar Φ12mm HRB335 Pinggang 5230 40 220 740 Rebar Φ14mm HRB335 Nanchang Steel 5200 40 220 740 Rebar Φ14mm HRB335 Pinggang 5200 40 220 740 Rebar Φ16-25mm HRB335 Nanchang Steel 5120 40 220 740 Rebar Φ16-25mm HRB335 Pinggang 5120 40 220 740 Rebar Φ16-25mm HRB335 New Steel 5110 40 220 750 Rebar Φ16-25mm HRB335 E-steel 5120 40 220 740 Third-grade rebar Φ16-25mm HRB400 Pinggang 5290 40 220 740 Third-grade rebar Φ16-25mm HRB400 Nanchang Steel 5290 40 220 740 Hot-rolled coil 2.0mm*1250*C Q235 Handan Steel 5660 50 300 630 Hot rolled coil 2.75mm*1250*C Q235 Handan Steel 5590 50 300 630 Hot rolled coil 3.0mm*1500*C Q235 Handan Steel 5550 50 300 640 Hot Roll 3.75mm*1500*C Q235 Handan Steel 5510 50 300 610 Hot Rolled Roll 4.75mm*1500*C Q235 Handan Steel 5390 50 300 630 Rolls 4.75mm*1500*C Q235 Sha Steel 5450 50 300 630 Hot Roll 4.75mm*1500*C Q235 Ma Steel 5450 50 300 630 Cold Rolled Sheet 1.0*1000*2000mm ST12 Panzhihua Steel 6450 0 200 850 Cold Rolled Sheet 1.5* 1000*2000mm ST12 Panzhihua Iron and Steel 6370 0 200 850 Cold rolled steel plate 2.5*1000*2000mm ST12 Panzhihua Steel 6370 0 200 850 Cold rolled steel plate 1.0*1250*2500mm ST12 Wuhan Iron and Steel 6450 0 200 850 Cold rolled coil 1.0*1000c ST12 Handan Steel 6310 0 200 870 cold rolled coil 1.0*1250*2000mm ST12 Masteel 6370 0 200 930 Medium plate 6mm Q235 New steel 6490 0 300 740 Medium plate 8mm Q235 New steel 6270 0 300 740 Medium plate 10mm Q235 New steel 6060 0 200 640 Puzhong Plate 12mm Q235 New Steel 5940 0 300 740 Puzhong Medium Plate 14-20mm Q235 New Steel 5900 0 300 740 Puzhong Medium Plate 14-20mm Q235 Ma Steel 5900 0 300 740 Puzhong Medium Plate 25mm Q235 Ma Steel 6440 0 620 1090 Puzhong Plate 30mm Q235 Masteel 6460 0 580 1010 Low Alloy Plate 6mm Q345 New Steel 6650 0 300 740 Low Alloy Plate 8mm Q345 New Steel 6390 0 300 740 Low Alloy Plate 12mm Q345 New Steel 6070 0 300 740 Low Alloy Plate 14-20mm Q345 New Steel 6020 0 300 740 Galvanized sheet 0.5*1000*2000mm JY[150g/m2] Wuhan Iron and Steel 6700 0 0 720 Galvanized sheet 0.7*1000*2000mm JY[150g/m2] Wugang 660 0 0 0 700 Galvanized sheet 1.0*1000*C JY[120g/m2] New Taizhong 6350 0 0 750 Galvanized sheet 1.0*1000*C JY[150g/m2] Benxi Steel 6200 0 0 650 Color roll 0.5mm *1000*C SGCC Yellowstone 7850 0 0 600 Color Coil 0.6mm*1000*C SGCC Yellowstone 7760 0 0 560 Seamless Pipe 76*4.5 20# Hong Steel 6100 0 50 450 Seamless Pipe 89*4.5 20# Hong Steel 6100 0 50 400 seamless pipe 108*4.5 20# Hong Steel 6100 0 50 400 Welded pipe 1 inch Q235 Tangshan 5230 0 50 530 Welded pipe 3 inch Q235 Honggang 5330 0 150 730 Welded pipe 4 inch Q235 Jinghua 5360 0 60 610 I beam 25# Q235 Wugang 5000 0 50 300 I-beam 36# Q235 Laiwu Steel 5000 0 50 200 Channel Steel 16# Q235 Masteel 4950 0 50 200 Channel Steel 25# Q235 Masteel 5200 0 50 200 Angle Steel 50*5mm Q235 Masteel 4950 0 90 420 angle steel 100*10mm Q235 Ma steel 4970 0 90 400

 

Aluminum Die Castings

Kangwei Die Casting Moulds Co., Ltd. , http://www.ytdiecastings.com


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March 4 Baotou Steel Market Price Quotes

Product Name Specification Material Steel/Production Price (Yuan/Ton) Than yesterday's last week High Line of the previous month Φ6.5mm Q235 Baotou Steel 4850 0 100 600 High Line Φ6.5mm Q235 Xuanhua 4850 0 100 600 Rebar Φ12mm HRB335 Steel 5100 0 100 650 Rebar Φ16-25mm HRB335 Xuan Gang 4950 0 100 600 Rebar Φ16-25mm HRB335 Baotou Steel 4950 0 100 600 Rebar Φ16-25mm HRB335 Jiu Steel 4850 0 100 600 Hot Roll 2.75*1500*c Q235 Baotou Steel 5650 0 70 700 Hot rolled coil 3.0*1500*c Q235 Steel cladding 5570 0 70 720 Hot rolled coil 4.75*1500*c Q235 Steel cladding 5400 50 120 720 Hot rolled coil 8.0*1500*c Q235 Steel cladding 5400 50 120 720 Cold rolled steel plate 0.5*1000*C SPCC Steel cladding 6650 0 150 350 Cold rolled plate 1.0*1000*2000 SPCC Steel cladding 6450 0 250 450 Cold rolled plate 1.5*1000*2000 SPCC Steel cladding 6400 0 200 400 Cold rolled plate 2.0 *1000*2000 SPCC cladding steel 6450 0 200 400 plate 8mm Q235 steel 6300 200 200 900 plate 10mm Q235 steel 6200 200 200 900 plate 20mm Q235 steel 5850 220 220 800 plate 20mm Q235 wine Steel 5850 220 220 800 Welded pipe 1 inch Q235 Q235 5100 250 250 450 Welded pipe 2 inch Q235 Q235 5050 250 250 450 Welded pipe 3 inch Q235 Clad steel 5050 250 250 450 Seamless tube 76*4.5mm 20# Ansteel 6200 0 0 Seamless tube 108*4.5mm 20# Ansteel 6150 0 0 Seamless tube 159*4.5mm 20# Ansteel 6100 0 0 0 Seamless tube 168* 8mm 20# Steel cladding 5900 0 0 0 Seamless tube 219*8mm 20# Baotou steel 6000 0 0 0 I-beam 25# Q235 Tang steel 5000 0 0 150 I-beam 36# Q235 Baosteel 4850 0 0 150 Channel steel 16 # Q235 Tangshan Steel 4850 0 0 150 Channel Steel 28# Q235 Baotou Steel 4820 0 0 150 Angle Steel 5# Q235 Tangshan 4850 0 0 150 Angle Steel 8# Q235 Angang 4850 0 0 150

 

iron castings

Cast Iron Garbage Bin,Sand Casting,Urbun Furniture

Seger Industrial Co., Ltd. , http://www.qddiecastings.com


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Polyimide nanofiltration membrane preparation method patented

A preparation method of polyimide nanofiltration membrane developed by Daqing Chemical Research Center has recently obtained the national invention patent. Polyimide nanofiltration membranes prepared by this technology can be used for the recovery of lube ketone benzene dewaxing solvents.

For a long time, the solvent dewaxing method has always played an important role in the production of lubricant base oils. The dewaxed solvent is separated from the mixture of lubricating oil and solvent mainly through a distillation process and recycled. However, due to the frequent circulation of the solvent, a large amount of energy is consumed, which becomes a bottleneck for the expansion of lubricating oil and paraffin production. For this reason, researchers at the Daqing Chemical Research Center have opened up a new path for high efficiency and low energy consumption through membrane separation methods.

They first prepared a soluble polyimide, made it into a casting solution, formed a film by phase inversion method, and then obtained the desired nanofiltration membrane after solvent exchange and heat treatment. The thus formed polyimide nanofiltration membrane has a high rejection rate for the lubricating oil under a certain operating condition and a high permeation flux for the solvent. The results showed that the rejection rate of polyimide nanofiltration membranes was greater than 90% at -18°C to room temperature and 3MPa operating pressure, and the flux of ketobenzene-based mixed solvents was greater than 12L/m 2 ·h to meet the industrial requirements. Application requirements.

   

Sand casting & Gravity casting

Decheng Auto Parts Factory , http://www.cndiecastings.com


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High Speed Mixer for Rubber Plastic

                            Model NO.: HI

                       

   

                            Layout Type: Both

                       

   

                            Mixing Drum Shape: Circular Groove

                       

   

                            Additional Capabilities: Weighting and Dosing

                       

   

                            Operating type: Continuous Operating

                       

   

                            Condition: New

                       

   

                            Inverter: Siemens

                       

   

                            Blade Mixer: 304ss

                       

   

                            Motor: Siemens

                       

   

                            Contactor: Siemens

                       

   

                            Temperature Controller: Siemens

                       

   

                            Alarm: Equipped

                       

   

                            Material: 304 Stainless Steel

                       

   

                            Trademark: Histar

                       

   

                            Transport Package: Shipping and Train

                       

   

                            Specification: according to the requirment of customer

                       

   

                            Origin: China

                       

   

                            HS Code: 8477800000

                       

 

                    high speed mixer for rubber plastic

SHR mixing machine is widely applied to mixing, stirring, drying and coloring of various materials in industries of plastic,  rubber, pharmacy, fuel, food, daily chemicals, etc. SHR series mixers adopt advanced design, so it convenient and safe for operation. It offers small size, light weight, high efficiency, low energy consumption, and low noise.


Parameter
High Speed Mixer for Rubber Plastic

High Speed Mixer for Rubber Plastic
 

                           

Others Rigid PVC Sheet

Rigid PVC Sheet Plastic Sheet,Grey PVC Rod,Extruded PVC Rod

Jiurun Rubber Products Co., Ltd. , http://www.pp-sheet.com


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How to Detect Video Surveillance Camera Dynamic Range

Panasonic debuted the first-generation wide dynamic CCD camera in 1977; it introduced the second generation in 1999; and the third-generation super dynamic CCD camera was launched in 2003~2008. During this period, Sony, JVC, Samsung, etc. have also introduced their own wide dynamic CCD camera. So far, in the field of security monitoring again and again in the technological reform, led the rapid development of the security industry.

Since the arrangement of natural light is from 100,000 lux to 0.00035 Lux at night, the indoor illuminance is 100 Lux, and the illuminance of the outside scenery may be 10,000 Lux, so when the camera looks out of the room from the window, the contrast between the two is 10000/100=100:1. This contrasting eye can be easily seen because the human eye can handle a contrast ratio of 1000:1, but traditional security surveillance cameras cannot, because it has only 3:1 contrast performance. Therefore, when a security surveillance camera is used in a scene where the contrast between light and darkness is large or backlighting occurs, the bright area in the entire image is overexposed and the dark area is underexposed, while the brightest and darkest parts of the image cannot be clearly seen.

Such as bank savings, import and export of important places. Because the strong light from the outside of the window and the soft light from the fluorescent lamp on the ceiling may cause difficulty in capturing indoor and outdoor scenes at the time, it is not possible to clearly record indoor and outdoor scenes with great contrast at the same time. The images will appear too bright if the background is too dark, or if the foreground of the background is too dark and the foreground is too bright for the background. The earliest solution is to use backlight compensation technology or to set up two cameras indoors or outdoors to accommodate larger light contrasts, but the effect is not ideal. The technology to expand the dynamic range has emerged, which is what we call now Wide Dynamic Range WDR (WideDynamicRange) technology.

The basic concept of camera dynamic range
CCD wide dynamic technology uses a special DSP (digital signal processing) circuit to perform the most suitable shutter speed exposure for the bright part, and then exposes the dark part with the most suitable shutter speed, and then the two images are processed by the DSP again. The combination makes the bright part and the dark part visible. Although this 160 times dynamic range technology has the advantages of large wide dynamics and optimized image gray scale, it has high requirements for DSP performance (especially processing speed). At present, due to the limitations of CCD characteristics, even with multiple exposure sampling methods, the wide dynamic range of the camera can only reach 66dB.

Obviously, due to the limitation of the CCD's photosensitivity, it is difficult to make major breakthroughs in technology, and the CMOS camera has outstanding performance due to its excellent performance of the image sensor itself. Such as the general linear output mode of the dynamic range of up to 40 ~ 60dB; Canadian Dalsa company uses linear - logarithmic output mode IM28-SA type CMOS camera, its dynamic range up to 120dB; Apical Co., Ltd. combined Altera Cyclone III and CycloneIVFPGA, using AptinaMT9M033720pWDRCMOS image sensor has also introduced a bright and dark part of the CMOS wide dynamic camera can see clearly; US PIXIM company developed CMOS-DPS technology, the chipset from the D1000, D1500, D2000 to D2500 in performance The rapid increase: the image clarity from 480 lines to more than 540 lines; minimum illumination from 1.0Lux/F1.2 to 0.5Lux/F1.2; typical wide dynamic range from 95dB to 120dB. According to sources, some CMOS wide dynamic technologies have even reached 160dB. Therefore, it can be foreseen that the future surveillance cameras belong to wide dynamic cameras, while the wide dynamic technology belongs to CMOS.

Currently, in the global market, about 100 types of wide dynamic cameras have been put into practical use in more than 50 countries. However, most of the camera manufacturers use Pixim's DPS technology. This is because the core technology of the DPS chip is to have an ADC in each pixel. That is, at the exact point of capture, the optical signal is converted into a digital signal. The advantage of doing this is that there is no crosstalk and no signal loss between pixels.

The basic concept of camera dynamic range

The so-called wide dynamic reality means that the camera can also see the ratio of the illuminance of the brightest and darkest parts of the image. The “dynamic range” broadly refers to the range of possible changes in a changeable object, that is, the region between the lowest end of the change value and the highest end of the pole. The description of this region is generally between the highest point and the lowest point. Difference. The “dynamic range” of the camera refers to the ability of the camera to adapt to the reflection of the light in the shooting scene, specifically the range of brightness (contrast) and color temperature (contrast). That is, the range of the camera's most “dark” and “brightest” adjustment of the image is the ratio of the brightest tone to the darkest tone in the still image or video frame. While hue can present precise details in an image or frame, as a ratio of two tones, the unit of dynamic range can be decibels, bits, or files, or simply expressed as a ratio or multiple. The conversion method between various units is shown in Table 1.

The 20-speed dynamic range is listed because it covers almost all dynamic ranges that the human eye can discern. Exceeding the dynamic range of these Gears has no practical significance. The human eye can distinguish such a wide dynamic range, because the pupil, the iris, the retina and the related muscles interact and dynamically adjust when the person is watching the real scene. At the same time, the brain integrates all the “exposure elements” into A coherent image, with extremely accurate reflection of the very bright or very dull colors in the real scene.

JVC's Dynamic Range Test Method

Compared with human eyes, the exposure time (collecting photons) of all the photosensitive cells is the same for standard CCD and CMOS image sensors. The photosensitive unit collects more photons for the bright part of the scene and less for the dark part. However, the number of photons that can be collected by the light-sensing unit is limited by the well capacity. Therefore, the light-sensing light-sensing unit that captures an object may overflow or saturate. To prevent this, you can reduce the exposure time. However, if you do this, the light-sensing unit that captures the darker tone of the object may not be able to collect enough photons. Therefore, for a typical single-exposure image sensor, the upper limit of the dynamic range is limited by the well capacity of the photosensitive unit, and the lower limit is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of the photosensitive unit. Thus, the dynamic range of the CCD image pickup device under the peak noise refers to a saturated output voltage and dark field - the ratio of peak voltage, i.e. the dynamic range

= Usat / UNp-p (1
)

(1) In the formula, Usat is the output saturation voltage; UNP-P is the peak-to-peak noise.

Obviously, the dynamic range can also be defined and calculated in such a way that the ratio of the maximum amount of charge that can be stored in the CCD well and the amount of charge determined by the noise; the value is also the peak value of the signal at the output and the rms noise voltage Ratio (usually expressed in dB), ie dynamic range = USp-p/UNp-p (2) Formula (2) USp-p is the peak output voltage signal.

Therefore, wide dynamics means that particularly bright parts and particularly dark parts of the scene can be seen particularly clearly at the same time. The wide dynamic range is the ratio of the brightest signal value to the brightest signal value that the image can distinguish.

Obviously, there are two main ways to determine the dynamic range of a camera's imager: one is to use the relevant information of the basic circuit in the sensor and the image processor to calculate from the above formula; the other is to use a grayscale test card and experimental equipment. To collect and observe images, and measure the image level. Although computational methods can be used to theoretically calculate the limits of the dynamic range, people generally tend to use measurement methods because they reflect the user's actual experience with the imaging effect of the camera. The following describes the actual testing method of the dynamic range of the camera by three major foreign manufacturers.

JVC's Dynamic Range Test Method

The test method for camera dynamic range may not be the same, but the test principle is similar. Here is a basic test method of JVC:

The equipment and conditions required to test the dynamic range of the camera The following equipment is required to test the dynamic range of the camera:

Transmission gray card and reflection gray card;

·Brightness adjustable backlight light box and adjustable illumination light source;

Video monitor and waveform monitor;

Light meter or illuminometer;

· Standard internal lens and so on.

Conditions for testing the dynamic range of the camera: It is necessary to perform in a dark room.

Basic methods and steps for testing camera dynamic range

· The first step: Install two sets of dual grayscale test cards in the same vertical plane of a table in a darkroom. One set of transmission grayscale cards uses a backlight source with adjustable brightness as a constant reference to adjust the backlight source brightness to ensure that The front center confirms that the divergent illuminance of the white block surface is 2500Lx; another set of reflective grayscale cards uses a brightness-adjustable irradiation light source located on the front surface thereof to determine the critical value of the dynamic range;

· The second step: set the height of the camera to be tested and the center of the grayscale test card to the same level, and maintain an angle of 90° with the vertical plane of the grayscale test card, and at the same time enable the camera lens view angle to cover 2 sets of grayscale test cards;

Step 3: Connect the camera's output signal to the video monitor and waveform monitor;

· Step 4: After the camera is powered on, turn on the extended dynamic range function to adjust the brightness of the front illumination source to 2500Lx. Obviously, under this illumination is overexposed (factory standard illuminance is mostly 2000Lx), at this time, the white end stripes of the reflective grayscale card may appear gradation mixing, that is, there are 2 or more grayscale bars showing the same White, and can not distinguish the difference in brightness;

• Step 5: Slowly reduce the brightness of the light source continuously and observe and record the top level of the reflected grayscale test card waveform from the waveform monitor. When the top level begins to decrease due to the decrease of the illuminance of the light source, the illuminance value (such as L1) at this time is recorded. This illuminance value is the upper limit of the dynamic range of the camera. The camera at this time should exactly show the brightness level difference between the bright white stripes;

• Step 6: Then continue to slowly lower the brightness, and continue to observe and record the top level of the reflected grayscale test card waveform from the waveform monitor. When the top level is no longer decreasing due to the decrease of the illumination of the light source, the illuminance value (such as L2) at this time is recorded. This illuminance value is the lower limit of the dynamic range of the camera. At this time, the brightness level difference between the two dark gray and black stripes in the grayscale card image captured by the camera should just disappear and be mixed into a black one.

JEITA's Dynamic Range Test Method

Calculation of test results The formula for calculating the dynamic range using the above actual test method is as follows:

Dynamic range = 20logL1/L2 (dB) (3) The JVC CCD wide dynamic camera TK-WD310EC measured the top level change from 2200Lx to 1.1Lx by the above test method, and the dynamic range was obtained from equation (2). 20log2200/1.1=66dB

Using the above test method, the dynamic range of the top level change of a CCD wide dynamic camera of a company from 1500Lx to 5Lx is measured as dynamic range=20log1500/5=49dB.

JEITA is an abbreviation of the Japan Electronic Information Technology Industry Association. Its grayscale test card is also used for measuring the dynamic range of a camera. In fact, whether it is possible to accurately determine the dynamic range, an important limiting factor is whether the grayscale test card can effectively measure the full value of the dynamic range. For example, on the Kodak Q-14 test card, the scale difference between adjacent grayscale grids is 1/3 aperture (f-stop) and can only measure a dynamic range of 5.66 stops or about 34 dB.

When using the JEITA method to measure the dynamic range and dynamic range expansion ratio, the gamma value of the grayscale test card is specified as 2.2. There are a total of ten grayscale levels, and the dynamic range that can be measured is basically the same as the Q-14 grayscale test card. According to the specification of this method, two gray-scale test cards are placed side by side, with the screen between them. Then use two different illumination sources to illuminate the test cards on both sides of the screen, as shown in Figure 2.

The JEITA method stipulates that the brighter end of the test card is to increase the illumination intensity or increase the aperture until the two brightest gray levels can be distinguished, and then the darker end of the test card is continuously reduced in intensity until the most The light grey level (white) reaches 50 IRE. The expansion ratio (dB) of the dynamic range can be calculated by using the formula (3) in the aforementioned test method, that is, the dynamic range expansion ratio (dB) = 20 log (L3/L4)

Although this method calculates the dynamic range expansion value, it completely ignores the imager's ability to capture midtones. The JEITA method does not overcome the major drawback of the double-exposure CCD sensor because the method only focuses on distinguishing different grayscale values ​​within the upper and lower tonal ranges.

The drawback of the JEITA method is that all test devices are not clearly specified; there is no indication of how to place the lighting device, what type of light is used, or even how to accurately measure the light intensity. This means that changes in the experimental setup and measurement conditions will affect the final measurement results. It is worth noting that the JEITA method measures the dynamic range extension value rather than the overall measurement range because the method does not specify how to determine the reference dynamic range or the overall dynamic range.

Pixim's Dynamic Range Measurement Method

In order to eliminate the above deficiencies and make the measurement experiment repeatable so that all the tone levels can be observed and compared at the same time during the measurement process, Pixim uses a set of customized instrumentation to measure the dynamic range. The kit contains a light box that uses a 700 watt incandescent light to backlight the transmissive step card. The step wedges used for the measurements were all manufactured by SinePatterns LLC. The two wedges overlapped to a maximum density range of 0.1 to 6.1 or approximately 120 dB.

It is obviously not easy to accurately display a wide dynamic scene on a computer monitor or in a printed document, but Pixim DPS technology can well capture ultra-wide dynamic images while presenting monotonous grayscale and intermediate grayscale responses.

The same picture taken with the CCD camera using the double exposure method, please note that although the camera claims to have a high dynamic range, in fact it is still possible to highlight the part of the scene in the picture and the cross-talk phenomenon of the middle tone Observe its obvious limitations. In addition, the response of the camera to the midtones is too flat. Compared with the monotonous response of the Pixim DPS camera, it is easy to see who is superior or not.

Conclusion

The concept of dynamic range and three specific test methods are described above, which can be used by users for reference. From the wide dynamic performance of the two cameras they tested, CCD wide dynamic cameras are not as good as CMOS wide dynamic cameras. Although the sensitivity of the CCD is high, the response speed is low and it is not suitable for the high resolution progressive scan method adopted by the high-definition surveillance camera. Therefore, the high-definition surveillance cameras use CMOS imaging devices. And because CMOS imaging devices have the advantages of wide dynamic range, high-speed digital readout, no column readout noise or fixed pattern noise, faster operating speed, and lower power consumption, it can more easily realize network and intelligence. Change. Obviously, CMOS cameras have great potential, and their excellent performance in terms of dynamic range, etc. will gradually replace CCD cameras and occupy the market in the future.

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Introduction of the stellera plant

Euphorbia

Herbs perennial, glabrous except for reproductive organs. Root cylindrical, fleshy, often branched, 20-30 cm long, 4-6 cm in diameter. The stems are unbranched, 15–45 cm high and 5–7 mm in diameter. Leaves alternate, squamous in lower part of stem, ovate-oblong, 1-2 cm long, 4-6 mm wide, gradually increasing upward, gradually transitioning to normal cauline leaves; cauline leaves oblong, long 4- 6.5 cm, width 1-2 cm, apex rounded or pointed, base nearly truncate, lateral vein pinnate inconspicuous; petiole-free; total temporal lobe with stem leaves, often 5; umbrella 5, 4-6 cm long The total secondary loquat leaves often 3, egg-shaped, about 4 cm long, about 2 cm wide; two loquat leaves, triangular-oval, both length and width of about 2 cm, tip apex, base nearly truncated. Indigenous dichotomous branching apically, sessile; involucre campanulate, white pilose, ca. 4 mm tall, 4-5 mm in diam., margin 4-lobed, lobes rounded, white pilose; glands 4 , semicircular, light brown. More than one male flower protrudes beyond the total; one female flower, ovary handle 3-5 mm long; ovary densely white villous; styles 3, connate below middle; stigma not divided, middle dimpled. Capsule ovoid globose, ca. 6 mm, 6-7 mm in diam., villous white; fruit handle up to 5 mm; style persistent; divided into 3 fruiting pods when mature. Seed globose, with a length and diameter of about 4 mm, gray-brown, with unclear ventral veins; Fruit and fruit from May to July.

狼毒

Produced in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia (east) and Shandong (Yantai, Lushan). Born in 100-600 meters above sea level on the grasslands, dry hilly slopes, dry slopes with many stones and sparse pines on sunny slopes. Patterns distributed in Mongolia and Russia (East Siberia) were collected from Daurri.

Root medicine, attending tuberculosis, scabs, etc., toxic.


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